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Cable
Most modern bicycles use cables to control the gear shifting and brakes. These cables, also known as "Bowden cables" consist of two parts, an inner cable of twisted or braided steel wire, and an outer cable housing. Cables transmit force by a combination of tension on the inner cable and compression to the housing.
In many installations the housing doesn't run along the full length of the cable, but transmits the compressive part of the load to the frame by means of housing stops, fittings with holes large enough for the cable, but too small for the housing to pass through. Some cable stops feature adjusting barrels. This site features an extensive Article on Cable Installation.
